始め括弧類（cl） では，原則として前を二分アキにする．. After closing brackets cl , half em spacing is added, in principle. 終わり括弧類（cl） では，原則として後ろを二分アキにする．. Before and after middle dots cl , quarter em spacing is added, in principle. 中点類（cl） では，原則として前及び後ろを 四分アキ にする．.

In vertical writing mode, ideographic digits and KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT “・” representing a decimal point are set solid as in the right line in Figure 縦組において 漢数字の小数点を示す中点 [・] KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT の前後は ベタ組 にする（ Figure 68 の右側）．. In cases where multiple punctuation marks, such as opening brackets cl , closing brackets cl , commas cl , full stops cl and middle dots cl , come one after the other, the following spacing adjustments are made for aesthetic reasons see Figure Note also that the half em and quarter em spacing added before or after punctuation marks, including the half em spacing after full stops cl appearing in the middle of a line, are subject, in principle, to line adjustment and may eventually be removed, except for those added after full stops cl When commas cl come immediately after closing brackets cl , remove the default half em spacing between them and, in principle, add half em spacing after the comma.

When opening brackets cl come immediately after full stops cl in the middle of a line, add half em spacing between them. Note that when full stops cl come in the bottom of lines, in principle, add half em spacing after full stops cl The line adjustment rules shown above have been established because the default half em spacing before or after consecutive punctuation marks, or quarter em spacing before and after them, makes the line look sparse and doesn’t make the line appear well-proportioned see Figure それぞれの後ろ又は前を 二分アキ ，又は前後を 四分アキ にし，全角の幅にすると空き量が目立ち，体裁がよくないからである（ Figure 70 ）．.

When starting a new line with opening brackets cl there are some patterns as shown in Figure Note that the amount of line indent after the line feed the first line indent of a new paragraph is assumed to be a one em space across all the patterns.

行頭に配置する 始め括弧類（cl） の配置方法には， Figure 71 のような方式がある．なお， 改行 の行頭（ 段落 における第1行目の行頭）の字下げを 全角アキ とする場合である．. The dividing punctuation marks cl QUESTION MARK “? Basically, add no spacing before dividing punctuation marks cl at the end of a sentence and add one em spacing after them see Figure However when a closing bracket cl follows right after the dividing punctuation mark, add no spacing after the dividing punctuation mark and add half em spacing after the closing bracket see Figure 文末にくる 区切り約物（cl） の前はベタ組とし， 区切り約物（cl） の後ろは 全角アキ とする（ Figure 73 ）．ただし，区切り約物の後ろに 終わり括弧類（cl） がくる場合は，この字間はベタ組とし，終わり括弧類の後ろを 二分アキ にする（ Figure 73 ）．.

When dividing punctuation marks cl at the end of a sentence reach the end of a line, apply the following rules see Figure 文末に付く 区切り約物（cl） が行末にくる場合は，次のようにする（ Figure 75 ）．. If the line length is 13 character widths and a dividing punctuation mark cl occurs in the 12th character position, one em spacing should be appended after it.

行長 がそこに使用されている文字サイズの13倍とする．この場合，12倍の位置にきたときは 区切り約物（cl） の後ろを全角アキとする．. If the line length is 13 character widths and a dividing punctuation mark cl occurs in the 13th character position, no spacing should be appended after it. In addition, do not carry over the one em space usually appended after the dividing punctuation marks to the line head of the next line; the line in this case should be set tentsuki. 行長がそこに使用されている文字サイズの13倍とする．この場合，13倍の位置にくるときは 区切り約物（cl） の後ろをベタ組とする．さらに，次の行頭の下がりは全角アキとしないで，天付きとする．.

The character width of hyphens cl varies according to the type of hyphen. one quarter of an em width , EN DASH “—” and KATAKANA-HIRAGANA DOUBLE HYPHEN “゠” should be half-width a half em width , WAVE DASH “〜” should be full-width.

Basically there should be no spacing before and after hyphens cl However, half em spacing should be appended, in principle, when opening brackets cl follow right after a hyphen cl and quarter em spacing when middle dots cl follow a hyphen cl In principle, no line should begin with closing brackets cl , hyphens cl , dividing punctuation marks cl , middle dots cl , full stops cl , commas cl , iteration marks cl , a prolonged sound mark cl , small kana cl or warichu closing brackets cl line-start prohibition rule.

Otherwise the line would have an odd appearance. 終わり括弧類（cl） ， ハイフン類（cl） ， 区切り約物（cl） ， 中点類（cl） ， 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） ， 繰返し記号（cl） ， 長音記号（cl） ， 小書きの仮名（cl） 及び 割注終わり括弧類（cl） を行頭に配置してはならない（ 行頭禁則 ）．これは体裁がよくないからである．.

No line should end with opening brackets cl or warichu opening brackets cl line-end prohibition rules. 始め括弧類（cl） 及び 割注始め括弧類（cl） を行末に配置してはならない（ 行末禁則 ）．これは体裁がよくないからである．. In principle, closing brackets cl , commas cl or full stops cl at the line end have half em spacing after them see Figure However, the possibilities are only half em spacing or solid.

Other spacing, such as quarter em spacing should not be used. In principle, the middle dot cl character at the line end also has quarter em spacing before and after, and is handled like a full-width character see Figure However, in this case also, the only possibilities are quarter em spacing or solid setting. Other intermediate-sized spacing should not be used. If the following characters and symbols appear in sequence there will be no line break between them.

The reason is that these characters and symbols are to be handled as one unit. 次のような文字・記号が連続する場合は，その字間で2行に 分割 しない（ 分割禁止 ）．これは，それらの文字・記号を一体として扱いたいためである．. Between a sequence of EM DASH “—” characters to be more specific, for a double dash, see Figure Between European numerals see Figure 82 , Figure 83 , and Figure European numerals indicate decimal place via the position of a numeral. 連続する アラビア数字 の字間（ Figure 82 ， Figure 83 ， Figure 84 ）．アラビア数字は，位置で桁を示すことによる．.

and the following arabic or ideographic numeral see Figure The reason is that such character sequences are to be handled as one unit. and the preceding European numeral or ideographic numeral see Figure Inter-letter spacing among Western characters cl in a word or, sequence of letters, which it is not possible to hyphenate , or unit indicators km, kg, mm etc. in Latin letters see Figure 欧文用文字（cl） の単語の ハイフネーション 可能な箇所以外の字間及び単位記号（km, kg, mmなど）の字間（ Figure 84 ）．. Inter-letter spacing among ruby characters, when composed as mono-ruby.

Note that it is possible to break a line between base characters with mono-ruby see Figure モノルビ で配置したルビ文字列の字間（ Figure 85 ）．一体として扱うためである．なお，モノルビが付いた 親文字 とモノルビが付いた親文字との字間は，分割可能である．. Inter-letter spacing among ruby characters or base characters, composed as group-ruby see Figure グループルビ で配置した親文字列及びルビ文字列の字間（ Figure 85 ）．一体として扱うためである．. Between a subscript or superscript and an adjacent base character preceding or following see Figure 87 , or between base characters with ornament characters , or between ornament characters themselves.

The reason is that these character sequences are to be handled as one object. 親文字とその前又は後ろに付く 添え字 との字間．添え字が付く親文字の文字列，及び添え字の文字列の字間（ Figure 87 ）．それらの文字列を一体として扱いたいためである．. In order to create a correspondence between notes and the related main text, reference marks aijirushi are often added. Line breaks are not allowed before the reference mark or between letters of the reference mark itself see Figure The application of the no-line-break rule here is a matter of style.

注 と本文との対応を付けるために 合印 が付くことが多い．この合印の前及び合印の文字列の字間（ Figure 88 ）．これは体裁上の問題による．. After warichu opening brackets cl , which open warichu , or before warichu closing brackets cl , which close warichu. 割注 行を囲む 割注始め括弧類（cl） の後ろ，割注行を囲む 割注終わり括弧類（cl） の前．. A unit of furiwake. A unit of furiwake is handled as one object. 同一の 振分け ．同一の振分けは，一体として扱う．. For line adjustment processing, spacing must not be increased between the following characters. This is called the inseparable characters rule.

In addition to the cases mentioned above, the inseparable character rule has to be applied to the following cases. Before or after opening brackets cl or closing brackets cl 始め括弧類（cl） 及び 終わり括弧類（cl） の前及び後ろ．. Before or after full stops cl or commas cl 句点類（cl） 及び 読点類（cl） の前及び後ろ．. Before or after middle dots cl 中点類（cl） の前及び後ろ．. Before or after dividing punctuation marks cl 区切り約物（cl） の前及び後ろ．. Before or after hyphens cl ハイフン類（cl） の前及び後ろ．. Before or after one em, etc.

space between Japanese characters. Among base characters with jukugo-ruby. 熟語ルビ が付いた親文字列の字間. However, since layout processing of punctuation marks is one reason for the need for line adjustment processing, we will here introduce two main examples of cases where line adjustment processing is necessary, and show adjustment examples see Figure The principal approach in Japanese composition is that with the exception of the last line of a paragraph, the length of all lines is the same, so all lines are aligned.

As explained before, the line length is set to be n-times the character size established for the kihon-hanmen. That means that the line overshoots or runs short of the edge of the kihon-hanmen by a half em.

The half em space overshoot or shortage is recovered by reducing inter-character spacing to a quarter em before the LEFT CORNER BRACKET “「” and after the RIGHT CORNER BRACKET “」”. This should not appear at the line end. Ideally, a full width spacing reduction would be applied, and the character “前” on the second line would be moved onto the first line in the 15th position. In that way, the problem could be avoided. The opening bracket cl is moved to the second line, and line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion is applied.

That means that spacing is added in the first line at places where it is allowed. Examples are as follows:. 和文の中にラテン文字やギリシャ文字などの欧字・欧文を 混植 （ 和欧文混植 ）する例 は多い．次のような例がある．. Using one Latin letter as a symbol for something, like “A” and “B”.

Using acronyms of things and organization names, like “DTP” and “GDP”. Writing Western book titles and authors in lists of referred books with original spelling. Latin letters are also used in itemized lists and numbering of headings , as well as symbols for units, symbols for chemical elements, and mathematical symbols. As can be judged from these examples, mixtures of Latin letters among Japanese letters are in daily use in Japanese composition.

箇条書き や 見出し の頭に付く番号，さらに，単位記号・元素記号・数学記号等でも欧字は使用されており，日本語組版にとっては， 和欧文混植 は，ごく一般的な事例になっている．. In horizontal writing mode the basic approach is to use proportional Western fonts Figure For European numerals , both half-width fonts and proportional fonts are used.

Note that Western word space cl is a one third em space, in principle, except at line head, line head of warichu, line end and line end of warichu. Western word space cl at line head, line head of warichu, line end and line end of warichu, is set solid. 横組では，原則として プロポーショナル な 欧字 を用いる（ Figure 90 ）．また， アラビア数字 は， 半角 のアラビア数字又はプロポーショナルなアラビア数字を用いる．なお， 欧文間隔（cl） は，三分アキを原則とする．ただし，行頭，割注行頭，行末及び割注行末の 欧文間隔（cl） は，空き量を0とする．.

Single Latin letters or Arabic numerals are set with this style. In this case, a full width monospace font is usually used. Currently, proportional Western style fonts are also sometimes used with this style.

和文文字 と同じように正常な向きで，1字1字配置する（ Figure 94 ）．文中に配置する欧字又はアラビア数字が1字の場合は，この方法で配置する．この場合，欧字及びアラビア数字は，一般に全角のモノスペースの文字を用いる．プロポーショナルな文字を用い，全角のスペースに正常な向きにして配置する方法もある．. This style is usually adopted when Latin letters compose a word or sentence. Proportional fonts are specified for characters in this style, as in horizontal writing mode or half-width fonts for European numerals.

文字を時計回りに90度回転し，配置する（ Figure 95 ）．文中に配置する欧字が一般の単語又は文の場合は，この方法で配置する．この場合，横組と同様にプロポーショナルな文字（又はアラビア数字は半角の文字）を用いる．. Tate-chu-yoko layout is usually adopted when dealing with a two-digit number in European numerals, or a combination of two or three Latin letters, the length of which is equal to the default size of the line in paragraph direction or longer than that just to an acceptable extent. A combination of two or three Latin letters may be rotated 90 degrees clockwise rather than set in tate-chu-yoko layout.

Proportional glyphs or half-width glyphs for European numerals are used for characters in tate-chu-yoko layout. 縦中横 （正常な向きのまま，横組にする）にして配置する（ Figure 96 ）．2桁のアラビア数字，行の幅とほぼ同じ程度かやや行の幅よりはみ出す程度の記号として用いる2文字程度の欧字の文字列では，一般に縦中横にする（後者の2文字程度の欧字の文字列は，文字を時計回りに90度回転し，配置する方法もある）．この場合，プロポーショナルな文字（又はアラビア数字は半角の文字）を用いる．. When full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European numerals are set in vertical writing mode as “quasi” Japanese characters, inter-character spacing between these characters and hiragana cl , katakana cl or ideographic characters cl are set solid , similar to ordinary ideographic characters cl see Figure Also, in principle, when full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European numerals are set after full stops cl , commas cl or closing brackets cl , or before opening brackets cl , insert half em spacing after commas cl or closing brackets cl , or before opening brackets cl In addition, in these cases, insert half em spacing after full stops cl When full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European numerals are set before a full stop cl , comma cl or closing bracket cl , or after an opening bracket cl , the inter-character spacing before the full stop, comma or closing bracket, or after the opening bracket is set solid.

縦組で全角のモノスペースの欧字及び全角のモノスペースのアラビア数字を正常な向きで1字1字配置する場合は，一般の漢字と同様に前後に配置する 平仮名（cl） ， 片仮名（cl） 又は 漢字等（cl） との字間を ベタ組 にして配置する（ Figure 99 ）．また， 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の後ろ，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の前に全角のモノスペースの欧字又は全角のモノスペースのアラビア数字がくる場合は， 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の後ろ，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の前は，原則として 二分アキ とし， 句点類（cl） の後ろは二分アキとする． 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） ，若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の前，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の後ろに全角のモノスペースの欧字又は全角のモノスペースのアラビア数字がくる場合は， 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の前，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の後ろをベタ組とする．.

To set strings as tate-chu-yoko horizontal-in-vertical setting , first set from left to right using solid setting , then align the whole string to the center of the vertical line Figure In principle, when tate-chu-yoko is set after a comma cl or closing bracket cl , or before an opening bracket cl , half em spacing is added.

In addition, when tate-chu-yoko is set after a full stop cl in the middle of a line, half em spacing is added. When a full stop cl is set at the end of a line, half em spacing is inserted after it, in principle. When tate-chu-yoko is set before full stops, commas or closing brackets, or after opening brackets, the inter-character spacing is set solid. 縦中横に配置する文字列は，横方向（左から右方向）にベタ組で配置し，その文字列全体を行の中央に配置する（ Figure ）．なお，縦中横の前後に配置する 平仮名（cl） ， 片仮名（cl） 又は 漢字等（cl） との字間は，ベタ組にする．縦中横の文字列が 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の後ろ，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の前にくる場合は，それらとの字間を原則として 二分アキ とする．行中で縦中横の文字列が 句点類（cl） の後ろにくる場合は，その字間を二分アキとする．ただし， 句点類（cl） が行末に位置した場合は， 句点類（cl） の後ろを原則として二分アキにする． 句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の前，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の後ろに縦中横の文字列がくる場合は，その字間はベタ組とする．.

Composition rules for Western characters, Western text and European numerals, set rotated 90 degrees clockwise in vertical writing mode , and horizontal writing mode , are as follows:. A sequence of Western characters in a Western word should not be broken across a line-break, except where hyphenation is allowed.

欧文の単語の文字列は， ハイフネーション 可能な箇所以外で2行に 分割 してはならない．. When line adjustment is done with line adjustment by inter-character spacing reduction , Western word space cl is used as first priority. Also, when line adjustment is done with line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion , Western word spaces are used as first priority.

追込み処理 で字間を詰める場合，その処理対象として 欧文間隔（cl） を優先的に使用し， 追出し処理 で字間を空ける場合も，その処理対象として 欧文間隔 を優先的に使用する．. When line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion is used, inter-character spacing within Western words and European numerals is not used for expansion.

Inter-character spacing , between hiragana cl , katakana cl or ideographic characters cl and Western characters or European numerals, is quarter em spacing see Figure In the following cases, a quarter em spacing is not added see Figure ただし，次の箇所では， 四分アキ としない（ Figure ）．. At the start of a line, there is no spacing before Latin characters or European numerals.

At the end of the line, there is no spacing after Latin characters or European numerals. In the case where Latin characters and European numerals follow a comma cl or closing bracket cl , or are followed by opening brackets cl , in principle, half em spacing is added.

In the case where Latin characters and European numerals follow a full stop cl in the middle of a line, half em spacing is added. When the full stop cl is set at the end of a line, in principle, half em spacing is added after the full stop cl 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の後ろ，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の前を原則として 二分アキ とする．また，行中の 句点類（cl） の後ろは二分アキとし， 句点類（cl） が行末に位置した場合は， 句点類（cl） の後ろを原則として二分アキにする．. In the case where Latin characters and European numerals are set before a full stop cl , comma cl or closing bracket cl , or after an opening bracket cl , the inter-character spacing is set solid.

句点類（cl） ， 読点類（cl） 若しくは 終わり括弧類（cl） の前，又は 始め括弧類（cl） の後ろに欧字・アラビア数字がくる場合は，その字間はベタ組とする．. Ruby is a small-sized, supplementary text attached to a character or a group of characters in the main text. A run of ruby text, usually attached to the right of the characters in vertical writing mode or immediately above them in horizontal writing mode , indicates the reading or the meaning of those characters see Figure The characters in the main text that are annotated by ruby are called ” base characters “.

Mainly Hiragana cl characters are often used for ruby to indicate how to read ideographic characters cl ; this is known as ruby annotation or as ” furigana “. Positioning of Jukugo-ruby 熟語ルビの配置方法. Positioning of Jukugo-ruby 熟語ルビの配置方法 ）．. Because of different purposes and different functionalities, there are several complicated methods for ruby as follows:. このような複数の処理方法が必要になるのは，以下で説明するように ルビ を付ける目的，ルビの役割の違いがあることによる．. PURPOSE: Ruby annotation with kana usually hiragana cl to provide readings of ideographic characters cl There are two types of ruby for this purpose depending on the type of base character:.

漢字等（cl） の読み方を示す主に 平仮名（cl） のルビを付ける．これには，次の2つがある．. Add one or more hiragana cl ruby characters to indicate the reading Japanese onyomi or kunyomi for each base ideographic character cl see Figure This method, attaching one or several hiragana or katakana characters for each base ideographic character, is called mono-ruby.

In the Japanese writing system, kanji compound words jukugo occasionally appear, usually constructed with a couple of ideographic characters cl There are two different methods of attaching ruby characters to base ideographic characters cl for these compound words. 日本語表記では，複数の 漢字等（cl） で構成された 熟語 をよく使う．この熟語を構成する個々の 漢字等（cl） について，音読み又は訓読みの読み方を示す 平仮名（cl） のルビを付ける（このようなルビの使用例は多い）．このような 熟語に付けるルビ について，親文字とルビ文字との対応には，2つの方法がある．.

Ruby characters are attached to each base ideographic character cl , similarly to the previous section see Figure 前項と同様に，個々の 漢字等（cl） （親文字）の1文字ごとにそのルビを対応させる方法．つまり， モノルビ としてルビを処理する方法である（ Figure ）．. Pronunciation is indicated for each ideographic character cl , but the positioning takes into account the fact that together they make up a compound word see Figure The intention when using jukugo-ruby is to handle the ideographic character cl phrase as one object.

個々の 漢字等（cl） の読み方を示すと同時に，熟語単位での配置も考慮して配置する方法（ Figure ）．この方法は 熟語ルビ とよばれている．熟語ルビは，熟語を構成する 漢字等（cl） の1文字1文字の読み方を示すとともに，熟語としてのまとまりを持っているので，ルビもまとまりとして読める必要がある．熟語ルビは，熟語としてのまとまりを重視した配置方法といえる．. PURPOSE: Ruby annotation that annotates a ideographic character cl or hiragana cl word with katakana cl to provide its meaning, together with its reading.

In terms of ruby layout, attaching ruby text to a single character in ideographic character cl is essentially the same as attaching the reading to a ideographic character cl e. attaching ruby text “バザール”, ‘Bazaar’, in hiragana cl or katakana cl to a ideographic character cl “市” is just like attaching the reading “いち” to that character. The most typical example of this is attaching ruby text to a kanji compound word to indicate a corresponding loan word in katakana see Figure The use of ruby text of this kind is on the increase in proportion to the growing need for translations and loan words.

This type of ruby, namely ruby characters that are attached to two or more base characters as one object note that ruby characters are not limited to katakana cl Figure and Figure , is called group-ruby.

Group-ruby and its base characters are unbreakable, because of their behavior as one object it is possible to break a line in the middle of the base characters where jukugo-ruby is in use. PURPOSE: Ruby annotation, usually with katakana cl characters, to indicate the reading or the meaning of a Western word used in base text see Figure There are opposite cases where a synonymous Western word in Latin characters is attached as a ruby annotation to a Japanese word in ideographic character cl or hiragana cl and so on see Figure These cases are less used than a and b, however they are quite common in study guides, translated books and travel guides.

親文字である 欧文の単語 の読み方又は意味を示す言葉（一般に 片仮名（cl） ）をルビとして付ける（ Figure ）．逆に親文字である 漢字等（cl） や 平仮名（cl） などの言葉に，それと同じ意味を示す欧文の単語をルビとして付ける（ Figure ）．この例は，aやbに比べると使用例は少ないが，学習参考書，翻訳書，旅行案内などではよく利用されている．.

PURPOSE: Ruby annotation using ideographic character cl for a base text word in hiragana cl This is called furikanji , and is very rarely found. 親文字である 平仮名（cl） などにルビとして 漢字等（cl） を付ける（ 振り漢字 という）．この使用例は非常に少ない．. Hereafter, mainly the usage of a and b will be explained. There are several methods of choosing how to attach ruby annotations to which base characters. 出てくる 漢字等（cl） のすべてにルビを付ける方式を 総ルビ という．. 出てくる 漢字等（cl） のすべてではなく，読み方がむずかしい一部の 漢字等（cl） のみに付ける方式を パラルビ という．. Note that ruby should be attached to all ideographic characters cl in a compound word, to reflect the unitary nature of the text.

To attach ruby to only some of the ideographic characters cl in a compound word is not recommended see Figure なお，熟語は，まとまりとして読むものなので， 熟語にルビを付ける場合 ，熟語を構成する一部のむずかしい 漢字等（cl） にのみルビを付けるのではなく，熟語を構成するすべての 漢字等（cl） の読み方を示すのが望ましい（ Figure ）．. The character size of ruby characters is, in principle, the half size of the base characters see Figure The ‘ one-third-ruby ‘ characters are used on rare occasions to attach three ruby characters to one full-width ideographic character cl One-third-ruby for vertical layout has the dimension of the half of the base character in width and the one third in height.

Those for horizontal writing mode have the dimension of half of the base characters in height and one third in width see Figure When ruby is attached to twelve point or larger base characters usually used for headings , the size of the ruby character is generally smaller than half the size of the base characters, considering the proportion of the sizes of base characters and ruby.

When all is said and done, these cases are very rare. In principle, ruby is attached to the right of base characters in vertical writing mode, and above in horizontal writing mode.

In some special cases, ruby can be seen to the left of base characters in vertical writing mode, and below in horizontal writing mode, but this is very rare. There are cases where two kinds of ruby are attached, one to either side of the base characters, one for readings and the other for meanings see Figure This is also very rare.

また， 漢字等（cl） の読みを示すルビと意味を示すルビといったように両側に付ける例（ Figure ）もあるが，このように付ける例も非常に少ない．. In the following sections, the ruby composition methods will be explained on the assumption that the size of ruby is half the size of the base characters, and they will be attached to the right in vertical writing mode and above in horizontal writing mode. First we look at the basic composition rules of mono-ruby , group-ruby and jukugo-ruby , then the rules of positioning of ruby with respect to those characters which come before and after the base characters, and finally the composition rules at the line head and at the line end.

When mono-ruby characters are Japanese, they are set solid. If mono-ruby characters have their own character widths such as Western characters or European numerals , they are set according to their own widths and then the ruby text is placed so that its center matches that of its base character.

There are more variations depending on the combination of the base character and ruby text and accordingly various composition rules have been invented, which will be explained with examples.

モノルビ の場合，モノルビのルビ文字列は ベタ組 とし，ルビ文字列が欧字や アラビア数字 など固有の字幅を持つ文字の場合には，それぞれの文字の固有の字幅に応じて配置する．そのうえで，親文字列とルビ文字列の中央をそろえて配置することが原則である．しかし，親文字とルビの組合せに種々の例があり，様々な工夫もされているので，例を挙げながら解説する．. When attaching two hiragana cl ruby characters to a single base character, the lengths of the ruby text and the base text are the same and they are positioned as shown in Figure 親文字1文字に 平仮名（cl） のルビ文字が2字付く場合は，親文字の長さとルビ文字の文字列の長さはそろい， Figure のようになる．. When attaching a single hiragana cl ruby character to a single base character, there are two ways of positioning the ruby character.

親文字1文字に付く 平仮名（cl） のルビ文字が1字の場合は，次の2つの方法がある．. In vertical writing mode , attach a ruby character so that its vertical center matches that of the base character see Figure In horizontal writing mode , attach a ruby character so that its horizontal center matches that of the base character see Figure This positioning of a ruby character is called ‘ nakatsuki ‘ center-alignment.

縦組においては親文字の天地中央とルビ文字の天地中央をそろえて配置する（ Figure ）．横組においては親文字の左右中央とルビ文字の左右中央をそろえて配置する（ Figure ）．この配置方法は， 中付き （中付きルビ） とよばれている．. In vertical writing mode, attach a ruby character so that the top of its virtual body is aligned with the top of that of the base character see Figure This positioning of a ruby character is called ‘katatsuki’ top-alignment.

For horizontal writing mode, ‘ katatsuki ‘ should not be adopted. For example, to add borders to every page, on the Layout tab of the Page Setup window, click Borders. Click OK. If your document already has content, the text is formatted automatically, but you might need to adjust objects like images and tables manually. When you print the booklet, check the print settings to make sure you print on both sides of the paper and flip the papers correctly for the printing to work as intended.

Choose the option Flip pages on short edge to avoid printing the second side of each sheet upside down. Tip: For a professional touch, consider adding page numbers in the header or the footer. For more info, see Add page numbers. Create a booklet using a Word template. Booklet: Page numbering tips. Create different headers or footers for odd and even pages. Get Microsoft publishing templates. Change the setting for Multiple pages to Book fold.

To reserve space on the inside fold for binding, increase the width of the Gutter. Didn’t match my screen. Incorrect instructions. Too technical.

Not enough information. Not enough pictures. Any additional feedback? Submit feedback. Do the steps for insert page borders. Step 1 Click on the “Design Tab”. Step 2 Click on “Page Borders. Use various page borders in the first page a of document The most common problem occurs in font of new student to set page border in the first page. Step 4 Click on the “Ok” button.

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Use Word to create and print a booklet, brochure, or book from your document. Learn the adjustments and layout settings for booklet printing in Word. When you view or print a Microsoft Office Word document in print preview, the page borders in the document may be displayed or printed incorrectly. You can change page borders of Word very easily. Changing the border means customizing the border with various styles; adding colors.

Print borders in microsoft word 2013 free download. Page borders may be displayed or printed incorrectly in Word 2007

 
 
Text direction vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode. Option to track one’s own changes without forcing others to track theirs [58]. Windows Phone 8とAndroid スマートフォンのみ 。ですが、ExcelとWord向け機能が追加されています macOS版は未サポート 。. Option to match case via Online and Chromebook App. This article deals with transcription of English words into the nearest phonetic equivalent in Japanese.